1.Insidious →something that is insidious is dangerous because it seems to be
harmless or not important but in fact causes harm or damage
2.Insinuate →to say something unpleasant in an indirect way
3.Interrogate →to ask someone, for example a prisoner or criminal, a lot of
questions in an angry or threatening way, in order to get information
ØMiranda statement right 緘默權
The Miranda warning, which can also be
referred to as the Miranda rights, is a right to silence warning given by police
in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial
interrogation) before they are interrogated to preserve the admissibility of
their statements against them in criminal proceedings.
ØSuspect (N) 嫌疑犯 : to believe that something is true, especially something bad
ØObs- : toward, against
Obsequious
: too keen to please someone, in a way that does
not seem sincere
ØCom- : with together
Complement
→to
combine well with something, often something that has different qualities
A comic playwright
of ancient Athens.
Eleven of his thirty plays survive virtually complete. These, together with
fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre
of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and they are used to define the genre.Also
known as the Father of Comedy and the
Prince of Ancient Comedy, Aristophanes has
been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any
other author. His powers of ridicule were feared and acknowledged by influential
contemporaries; Plato singled out Aristophanes' play The Clouds as slander that
contributed to the trial and subsequent condemning to death of Socrates although
other satirical playwrights had also caricatured the philosopher.
背景:伯羅奔尼薩戰爭
ØLysistrata
Lysistrata is a comedy by
Aristophanes.It is acomic account of one woman's extraordinary mission to
end the Peloponnesian War.Lysistrata persuades the women of Greece
to withhold sexual privilegesfrom their husbandsand lovers as a means
of forcing the men to negotiate peace—a strategy, however, that inflames the battle between the sexes. The play is notable for
being an early exposé of sexual relations in a male-dominated society.
Additionally, its dramatic structure represents a shift from the conventions of
Old Comedy, a trend typical of the author's career.
woman use money and sex into peace
Ø希臘三哲人
lSocrates → Plato →
Aristotle
Socrates
Socrates was a
classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of
Western philosophy.
He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical
writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Plato's dialogues are among the
most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is
unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato".
Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to
the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his
name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus.
The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is
a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions is asked not only to
draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the
issue at hand. Plato's Socrates also made important and lasting contributions
to the field of epistemology, and his ideologies and approach have proven a
strong foundation for much Western philosophy that has followed.
Plato
Plato was a philosopher and mathematician in
Classical Greece, and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the
first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely
considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially
the Western tradition. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries,
Plato's entire œuvre is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years.Plato
was the innovator of the dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy, which originate with him. Plato
appears to have been the founder of Western political philosophy, with his
Republic, and Laws among other dialogues, providing some of the earliest extant
treatments of political questions from a philosophical perspective. Plato's own
most decisive philosophical influences are usually thought to have been
Socrates, Parmenides, Heraclitus and Pythagoras, although few of his
predecessors' works remain extant and much of what we know about these figures
today derives from Plato himself.
Aristotle
Aristotle
was a Greek philosopher and scientist.At eighteen, he joined Plato's
Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven
(c. 347 BC). His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology,
metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric,
linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first
comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle
left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the
Great starting from 343 BC.Aristotle was the first genuine scientist in
history.Teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many opportunities and an
abundance of supplies. He established a library in the Lyceum which aided in
the production of many of his hundreds of books. The fact that Aristotle was a
pupil of Plato contributed to his former views of Platonism, but, following
Plato's death,
Aristotle immersed himself in empirical studies and shifted from Platonism to
empiricism. He believed all peoples' concepts and all of their
knowledge was ultimately based on perception. Aristotle's views on natural
sciences represent the groundwork underlying many of his works.Aristotle's
views on physical science profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. Their influence extended into the Renaissance
and were not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such
as classical mechanics. Some of Aristotle's zoological observations, such as on
the hectocotyl (reproductive) arm of the octopus, were not confirmed or refuted
until the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of
logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal
logic.In metaphysics, Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Judeo-Islamic
philosophical and theological thought during the Middle Ages and continues to
influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the
Catholic Church. Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals
and revered as"The First Teacher"
ØThe Poetics (Aristotle)
Aristotle's
Poetics is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory
and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.
In
it, Aristotle offers an account of what he calls "poetry" (a term which in Greek literally
means "making" and in this context includes drama—comedy, tragedy,
and the satyr play—as well as lyric poetry and epic poetry). They are similar
in the fact that they are all imitations but different in the three ways that
Aristotle describes:
1.Differences
in music rhythm, harmony, meter and melody.
2.Difference
of goodness in the characters.
3.Difference in how the narrative
is presented: telling a story or acting it out
ØCatharsis (pity&fear)
Catharsis (from Greek meaning "purification"
or "cleansing")
is the purification and purgation of emotions—especially pity and fear—through
art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration.
It is a metaphor originally used by
Aristotle in the Poetics, comparing the effects of tragedy on the mind of spectator to the effect of a cathartic on
the body.
ØMimesis:imitation
Mimesis
"to imitate,"
from μῖμος (mimos), "imitator, actor" is a critical and philosophical
term that carries a wide range of meanings, which include imitation,
representation, mimicry, imitatio, receptivity, nonsensuous similarity, the act
of resembling, the act of expression, and the presentation of the self.
In ancient Greece, mimesis was an idea that
governed the creation of works of art,
in particular, with correspondence to the physical world understood as a model
for beauty, truth, and the good. Plato contrasted mimesis, or imitation,
with diegesis, or narrative. After Plato, the meaning of mimesis eventually
shifted toward a specifically literary function in ancient Greek society, and
its use has changed and been reinterpreted many times since then.
三一律 :action / place / time
ØHubris (→ Agamemnon)
Hubris
(also hybris, from ancient Greek) means, in a modern context, extreme pride or self-confidence; in its ancient Greek context, it
typically describes violent and excessive behavior rather than an attitude.
When it offends the gods of ancient Greece, it is usually punished. The
adjectival form of the noun hubris is "hubristic".
Hubris is usually perceived as a
characteristic of an individual rather than a group, although the
group the offender belongs to may suffer consequences from the wrongful act. Hubris often indicates a loss of contact
with reality and an overestimation of one's own competence, accomplishments or
capabilities, especially when the person exhibiting it is in a position of
power.
2.Parade →a public celebration in which a large group of people move through an area, often with
decorated vehicles and bands playing music (花車)
For example:
the St Patrick’s Day parade
3.Demonstration →an event that proves a fact (示威)
lArmed 武裝
Farewell to arms (戰地春夢):A Farewell to
Arms is a novel by Ernest Hemingway
ØSuffix for people’s profession
1.–er
2.–or
3.–ist
4.–ant
5.-ian
ØProtestant (新教徒) →a
member of a group of Christian churches that
separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century
ØContestant (抗議者) →someone who takes part in a
contest
ØApplicant→someone who applies for something, such as a job or a loan of money
ØFlight attendant→someone whose job is to look
after passengers on a plane
ØAccountant→an arrangement in which a bank looks
after your money. You can deposit (=put
in) or withdraw (=take out) money when
you need to
ØPhysician→Doctors and other medical and
health specialists
merry-go-around
ØJulius Caesar
Gaius Julius
Caesar was a Roman
statesman, general and notable author of Latin prose. He played a
critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and
the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a
political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years.
Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the
conservative ruling class within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger
with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars,
completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the
Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman
general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the
first invasion of Britain.
ØCaesarian
section(剖腹生產)
Also commonly known as C-section and other spellings, is a surgical procedure in which
one or more incisions are made through a
mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. A Caesarean section is often performed when a vaginal
delivery would put the baby's or mother's life or health at risk. Some
are also performed upon request without a medical reason to do so. The World
Health Organization recommends that they should be done based only on medical
need.
ØOrthodox=traditional 傳統的
ØEastern orthodox church (東正教)
Eastern
Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, also referred to as the Orthodox
Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Orthodoxy, is the second largest Christian
Church in the world, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents.
The
Eastern Orthodox Church is one of the oldest religious institutions in the
world, teaching that it is the One, Holy, Catholic
and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the
apostles, and practicing what it
understands to be the original faith passed down from the Apostles.
vocabulary
ØSynchronize →to make two or more things happen
or move at the same time or speed
↑↑
(together) (time)
ØRe- : again
Rejuvenate →to make someone
feel or look younger or
have more energy (返老回春)
ØJuven : young
Juvenile court (青少年法庭)
ØTenuous →weak and likely to change
↑(to hold)
ØThe Tower of Babel
Is an etiological myth in the Book of
Genesis of the Tanakh (also referred to as the Hebrew Bible or the Old
Testament) meant to explain the origin of different languages. According to the
story, a united humanity of the generations following the Great Flood, speaking
a single language and migrating from
the east, came to the land of Shinar).
There they agreed to build
a city and tower; seeing this, God confounded their speech so that they could no
longer understand each other and scattered them around the world.
A reference to the mythological figure Helen of
Troy.Her abduction by Paris was said to be the
reason for a fleet of a thousand ships to be launched into battle, initiating
the Trojan Wars.
Origin:
Was
this the face that launch'd a thousand ships
And
burnt the topless towers of Ilium?
Sweet
Helen, make me immortal with a kiss
Hubris:Extremely pride or self-confidence, Describing violent and excessive behavior.
For example:
Agamemnon(purple robes)
Agamemnon
commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan WarUpon
Agamemnon's return from Troy, he was murdered (according to the oldest
surviving account, Odyssey 11.409–11) by Aegisthus, the lover of his wife,
Clytemnestra. In old versions of the story, the scene of the murder, when it is
specified, is usually the house of Aegisthus, who has not taken up residence in
Agamemnon's palace, and it involves an ambush and the deaths of Agamemnon's
followers as well. In some later versions Clytemnestra herself does the
killing, or they do it together, in his own home.
ideal→of the best or
most suitable type
spectator (to look)
audience (to listen)
Drama
1.dramatic→exciting and
impressive
2.irony (反諷)→a form of humour
in which you use words to express the opposite of what the words really mean
3.dramatic
irony→a situation in
which an audience knows more about what is happening in a play or film than the
characters do (戲劇性諷示;劇中人未察覺但觀眾卻能領會)
For example:Oedipus the king
Sarcasm (語言上) →saying or writing
the opposite of what you mean, or of speaking in a way intended to make someone
else feel stupid or show them that you are angry.
Chorus:
Literature
in ancient Greek plays, a group of actors who all speak the same words,
describing the action and making comments about it
Tragedy :
Tragedy is
a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis
or pleasure in audiences. While many cultures have developed forms that provoke
this paradoxical response, the term tragedy often refers to a specific
tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in
the self-definition of Western civilization. That tradition has been multiple
and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect
of cultural identity and historical continuity.
Tragic
flaw (Hamartia) →a flaw in character that
brings about the downfall of the hero of a tragedy
The term
hamartia derives from the Greek ἁμαρτία, from ἁμαρτάνειν hamartánein, which
means “to miss the mark” or “to err”. It is most often associated with Greek
tragedy, although it is also used in Christian theology. Hamartia as it
pertains to dramatic literature was first used by Aristotle in his Poetics. In
tragedy, hamartia is commonly understood to refer to the protagonist’s error or
flaw that leads to a chain of plot actions culminating in a reversal from their
good fortune to bad. What qualifies as the error or flaw can include an error
resulting from ignorance, an error of judgement, a flaw in character, or sin.
The spectrum of meanings has invited debate among critics and scholars, and
different interpretations among dramatists.
Foreshadow
→if
something foreshadows a future event, it shows or gives a warning that it will
happen
For example :The storms and rains of that year foreshadoweda long period of unstable weather conditions.
Trilogy(三部曲)
A
trilogy (from Greek τρι- tri-, "three" and -λογία -logia,
"discourse") is a set of three works of art that are connected, and
that can be seen either as a single work or as three individual works. They are
commonly found in literature, film, or video games. Three-part works that are
considered components of a larger work also exist, such as the triptych or the
three-movement sonata, but they are not commonly referred to with the term
"trilogy."