Ø How to take great note
l First：Not write the fact, write the conclusion
l Second：Evidence(example. Plot)
l Third：use Color pen
l Fourth：Teach your friend
Ø Aristophanes (喜劇作家)
A comic playwright
of ancient Athens.
Eleven of his thirty plays survive virtually complete. These, together with
fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre
of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and they are used to define the genre. Also
known as the Father of Comedy and the
Prince of Ancient Comedy, Aristophanes has
been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any
other author. His powers of ridicule were feared and acknowledged by influential
contemporaries; Plato singled out Aristophanes' play The Clouds as slander that
contributed to the trial and subsequent condemning to death of Socrates although
other satirical playwrights had also caricatured the philosopher.
- 背景：伯羅奔尼薩戰爭
Ø Lysistrata
Lysistrata is a comedy by
Aristophanes. It is a
comic account of one woman's extraordinary mission to
end the Peloponnesian War. Lysistrata persuades the women of Greece
to withhold sexual privileges from their husbands and lovers as a means
of forcing the men to negotiate peace—a strategy, however, that inflames the battle between the sexes. The play is notable for
being an early exposé of sexual relations in a male-dominated society.
Additionally, its dramatic structure represents a shift from the conventions of
Old Comedy, a trend typical of the author's career.
- woman use money and sex into peace
Ø 希臘三哲人
l Socrates → Plato →
Aristotle
Socrates
Socrates was a
classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of
Western philosophy.
He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical
writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Plato's dialogues are among the
most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is
unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato".
Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to
the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his
name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus.
The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is
a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions is asked not only to
draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the
issue at hand. Plato's Socrates also made important and lasting contributions
to the field of epistemology, and his ideologies and approach have proven a
strong foundation for much Western philosophy that has followed.
Plato
Plato was a philosopher and mathematician in
Classical Greece, and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the
first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely
considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially
the Western tradition. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries,
Plato's entire œuvre is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Plato
was the innovator of the dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy, which originate with him. Plato
appears to have been the founder of Western political philosophy, with his
Republic, and Laws among other dialogues, providing some of the earliest extant
treatments of political questions from a philosophical perspective. Plato's own
most decisive philosophical influences are usually thought to have been
Socrates, Parmenides, Heraclitus and Pythagoras, although few of his
predecessors' works remain extant and much of what we know about these figures
today derives from Plato himself. Aristotle
Aristotle
was a Greek philosopher and scientist. At eighteen, he joined Plato's
Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven
(c. 347 BC). His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology,
metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric,
linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first
comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle
left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the
Great starting from 343 BC. Aristotle was the first genuine scientist in
history. Teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many opportunities and an
abundance of supplies. He established a library in the Lyceum which aided in
the production of many of his hundreds of books. The fact that Aristotle was a
pupil of Plato contributed to his former views of Platonism, but, following
Plato's death,
Aristotle immersed himself in empirical studies and shifted from Platonism to
empiricism. He believed all peoples' concepts and all of their
knowledge was ultimately based on perception. Aristotle's views on natural
sciences represent the groundwork underlying many of his works. Aristotle's
views on physical science profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. Their influence extended into the Renaissance
and were not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such
as classical mechanics. Some of Aristotle's zoological observations, such as on
the hectocotyl (reproductive) arm of the octopus, were not confirmed or refuted
until the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of
logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal
logic.In metaphysics, Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Judeo-Islamic
philosophical and theological thought during the Middle Ages and continues to
influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the
Catholic Church. Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals
and revered as "The First Teacher"
Ø The Poetics (Aristotle)
Aristotle's
Poetics is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory
and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.
In
it, Aristotle offers an account of what he calls "poetry" (a term which in Greek literally
means "making" and in this context includes drama—comedy, tragedy,
and the satyr play—as well as lyric poetry and epic poetry). They are similar
in the fact that they are all imitations but different in the three ways that
Aristotle describes:
1.Differences
in music rhythm, harmony, meter and melody.
2.Difference
of goodness in the characters.
3.Difference in how the narrative
is presented: telling a story or acting it out
Ø Catharsis (pity&fear)
Catharsis (from Greek meaning "purification"
or "cleansing")
is the purification and purgation of emotions—especially pity and fear—through
art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration.
It is a metaphor originally used by
Aristotle in the Poetics, comparing the effects of tragedy on the mind of spectator to the effect of a cathartic on
the body.
Ø Mimesis：imitation
Mimesis
"to imitate,"
from μῖμος (mimos), "imitator, actor" is a critical and philosophical
term that carries a wide range of meanings, which include imitation,
representation, mimicry, imitatio, receptivity, nonsensuous similarity, the act
of resembling, the act of expression, and the presentation of the self.
In ancient Greece, mimesis was an idea that
governed the creation of works of art,
in particular, with correspondence to the physical world understood as a model
for beauty, truth, and the good. Plato contrasted mimesis, or imitation,
with diegesis, or narrative. After Plato, the meaning of mimesis eventually
shifted toward a specifically literary function in ancient Greek society, and
its use has changed and been reinterpreted many times since then.
- 三一律 ：action / place / time
Ø Hubris (→ Agamemnon)
Hubris
(also hybris, from ancient Greek) means, in a modern context, extreme pride or self-confidence; in its ancient Greek context, it
typically describes violent and excessive behavior rather than an attitude.
When it offends the gods of ancient Greece, it is usually punished. The
adjectival form of the noun hubris is "hubristic".
Hubris is usually perceived as a
characteristic of an individual rather than a group, although the
group the offender belongs to may suffer consequences from the wrongful act. Hubris often indicates a loss of contact
with reality and an overestimation of one's own competence, accomplishments or
capabilities, especially when the person exhibiting it is in a position of
power.
Ø Omniscient (全知觀點)
↑ ↑
(all) (know)
沒有留言 :
張貼留言