英文字彙與字源Note week15

Ø  Fore- : before

1.          Forehead

2.          Foreshade

Ø  In- : in, inside

1.          Insidious → something that is insidious is dangerous because it seems to be harmless or not important but in fact causes harm or damage

2.          Insinuate → to say something unpleasant in an indirect way

3.          Interrogate → to ask someone, for example a prisoner or criminal, a lot of questions in an angry or threatening way, in order to get information

Ø  Miranda statement right 緘默權

The Miranda warning, which can also be referred to as the Miranda rights, is a right to silence warning given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial interrogation) before they are interrogated to preserve the admissibility of their statements against them in criminal proceedings.

Ø   Suspect (N) 嫌疑犯 : to believe that something is true, especially something bad

Ø  Obs- : toward, against

Obsequious : too keen to please someone, in a way that does not seem sincere

Ø  Com- : with together

Complement → to combine well with something, often something that has different qualities

英文字彙與字源學Note week14

Phrase：make / draw an analogy

Word：

1.   commencement (畢業典禮) = graduation ceremony

commence → means to begin

2.   nihilism

nihil →means nothing

3.   CF = commercial film

4.   電腦白癡不是 computer idiot

電腦白癡英文是：computer illiterate

西概Note week14

Ø  How to take great note 

l   First：Not write the fact, write the conclusion

l   Second：Evidence(example. Plot)

l  Third：use Color pen

l  Fourth：Teach your friend

Ø  Aristophanes (喜劇作家)

A comic playwright of ancient Athens. Eleven of his thirty plays survive virtually complete. These, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and they are used to define the genre. Also known as the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy, Aristophanes has been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any other author. His powers of ridicule were feared and acknowledged by influential contemporaries; Plato singled out Aristophanes' play The Clouds as slander that contributed to the trial and subsequent condemning to death of Socrates although other satirical playwrights had also caricatured the philosopher.

• 背景：伯羅奔尼薩戰爭

Ø  Lysistrata

Lysistrata is a comedy by Aristophanes. It is a comic account of one woman's extraordinary mission to end the Peloponnesian War. Lysistrata persuades the women of Greece to withhold sexual privileges from their husbands and lovers as a means of forcing the men to negotiate peace—a strategy, however, that inflames the battle between the sexes. The play is notable for being an early exposé of sexual relations in a male-dominated society. Additionally, its dramatic structure represents a shift from the conventions of Old Comedy, a trend typical of the author's career.

• woman use money and sex into peace 

Ø   希臘三哲人

l   Socrates → Plato → Aristotle

   Socrates

Socrates was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato". Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions is asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. Plato's Socrates also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology, and his ideologies and approach have proven a strong foundation for much Western philosophy that has followed.

   Plato

Plato was a philosopher and mathematician in Classical Greece, and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire œuvre is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Plato was the innovator of the dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy, which originate with him. Plato appears to have been the founder of Western political philosophy, with his Republic, and Laws among other dialogues, providing some of the earliest extant treatments of political questions from a philosophical perspective. Plato's own most decisive philosophical influences are usually thought to have been Socrates, Parmenides, Heraclitus and Pythagoras, although few of his predecessors' works remain extant and much of what we know about these figures today derives from Plato himself.

   Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist. At eighteen, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC). His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great starting from 343 BC. Aristotle was the first genuine scientist in history. Teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many opportunities and an abundance of supplies. He established a library in the Lyceum which aided in the production of many of his hundreds of books. The fact that Aristotle was a pupil of Plato contributed to his former views of Platonism, but, following Plato's death, Aristotle immersed himself in empirical studies and shifted from Platonism to empiricism. He believed all peoples' concepts and all of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception. Aristotle's views on natural sciences represent the groundwork underlying many of his works. Aristotle's views on physical science profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. Their influence extended into the Renaissance and were not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics. Some of Aristotle's zoological observations, such as on the hectocotyl (reproductive) arm of the octopus, were not confirmed or refuted until the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.In metaphysics, Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophical and theological thought during the Middle Ages and continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as "The First Teacher"

Ø  The Poetics (Aristotle)

Aristotle's Poetics is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.

In it, Aristotle offers an account of what he calls "poetry" (a term which in Greek literally means "making" and in this context includes drama—comedy, tragedy, and the satyr play—as well as lyric poetry and epic poetry). They are similar in the fact that they are all imitations but different in the three ways that Aristotle describes:

1.Differences in music rhythm, harmony, meter and melody.

2.Difference of goodness in the characters.

3.Difference in how the narrative is presented: telling a story or acting it out

Ø  Catharsis (pity&fear)

Catharsis (from Greek meaning "purification" or "cleansing") is the purification and purgation of emotions—especially pity and fear—through art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration. It is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the Poetics, comparing the effects of tragedy on the mind of spectator to the effect of a cathartic on the body.

Ø   Mimesis：imitation

Mimesis "to imitate," from μῖμος (mimos), "imitator, actor" is a critical and philosophical term that carries a wide range of meanings, which include imitation, representation, mimicry, imitatio, receptivity, nonsensuous similarity, the act of resembling, the act of expression, and the presentation of the self.

In ancient Greece, mimesis was an idea that governed the creation of works of art, in particular, with correspondence to the physical world understood as a model for beauty, truth, and the good. Plato contrasted mimesis, or imitation, with diegesis, or narrative. After Plato, the meaning of mimesis eventually shifted toward a specifically literary function in ancient Greek society, and its use has changed and been reinterpreted many times since then.

• 三一律 ：action / place / time

Ø  Hubris (→ Agamemnon)

Hubris (also hybris, from ancient Greek) means, in a modern context, extreme pride or self-confidence; in its ancient Greek context, it typically describes violent and excessive behavior rather than an attitude. When it offends the gods of ancient Greece, it is usually punished. The adjectival form of the noun hubris is "hubristic".

Hubris is usually perceived as a characteristic of an individual rather than a group, although the group the offender belongs to may suffer consequences from the wrongful act. Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality and an overestimation of one's own competence, accomplishments or capabilities, especially when the person exhibiting it is in a position of power.

Ø  Omniscient (全知觀點)

↑    ↑

(all) (know)

英文字彙與字源Note week13

• phrase (要搭配介係詞背)

1. be filled with
2. extricate...from 

l   遊行

1.          March (軍隊)

2.          Parade → a public celebration in which a large group of people move through an area, often with decorated vehicles and bands playing music (花車)

For example: the St Patrick’s Day parade

3.          Demonstration → an event that proves a fact (示威)

l   Armed 武裝

Farewell to arms (戰地春夢)：A Farewell to Arms is a novel by Ernest Hemingway

Ø  Suffix for people’s profession

1.         –er

2.         –or

3.         –ist

4.         –ant

5.         -ian

Ø   Protestant (新教徒) → a member of a group of Christian churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century

Ø   Contestant (抗議者) → someone who takes part in a contest

Ø   Applicant → someone who applies for something, such as a job or a loan of money

Ø   Flight attendant → someone whose job is to look after passengers on a plane

Ø   Accountant → an arrangement in which a bank looks after your money. You can deposit  (=put in) or withdraw  (=take out) money when you need to

Ø   Physician → Doctors and other medical and health specialists

• merry-go-around

Ø  Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman statesman, general and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative ruling class within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.

Ø  Caesarian section(剖腹生產)

Also commonly known as C-section and other spellings, is a surgical procedure in which one or more incisions are made through a mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. A Caesarean section is often performed when a vaginal delivery would put the baby's or mother's life or health at risk. Some are also performed upon request without a medical reason to do so. The World Health Organization recommends that they should be done based only on medical need.

Ø  Orthodox=traditional 傳統的

Ø  Eastern orthodox church (東正教)

Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, also referred to as the Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Orthodoxy, is the second largest Christian Church in the world, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents.

The Eastern Orthodox Church is one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, teaching that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles, and practicing what it understands to be the original faith passed down from the Apostles.

• vocabulary

Ø   Synchronize → to make two or more things happen or move at the same time or speed

↑   ↑

(together) (time)

Ø  Re- : again

Rejuvenate → to make someone feel or look younger or have more energy (返老回春)

Ø  Juven : young

Juvenile court (青少年法庭)

Ø  Tenuous → weak and likely to change

↑(to hold)

Ø   The Tower of Babel

Is an etiological myth in the Book of Genesis of the Tanakh (also referred to as the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament) meant to explain the origin of different languages. According to the story, a united humanity of the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating from the east, came to the land of Shinar). There they agreed to build a city and tower; seeing this, God confounded their speech so that they could no longer understand each other and scattered them around the world.

西概Note week13

• Helen

Meaning：

A reference to the mythological figure Helen of Troy. Her abduction by Paris was said to be the reason for a fleet of a thousand ships to be launched into battle, initiating the Trojan Wars.

Origin：

Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships

And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?

Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss

Hubris ：Extremely pride or self-confidence, Describing violent and excessive behavior.

For example：

• Agamemnon (purple robes)

Agamemnon commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan War Upon Agamemnon's return from Troy, he was murdered (according to the oldest surviving account, Odyssey 11.409–11) by Aegisthus, the lover of his wife, Clytemnestra. In old versions of the story, the scene of the murder, when it is specified, is usually the house of Aegisthus, who has not taken up residence in Agamemnon's palace, and it involves an ambush and the deaths of Agamemnon's followers as well. In some later versions Clytemnestra herself does the killing, or they do it together, in his own home.

ideal → of the best or most suitable type

spectator (to look)

audience (to listen)

• Drama

1.          dramatic → exciting and impressive

2.          irony (反諷) → a form of humour in which you use words to express the opposite of what the words really mean

3.          dramatic irony → a situation in which an audience knows more about what is happening in a play or film than the characters do (戲劇性諷示；劇中人未察覺但觀眾卻能領會)

For example：Oedipus the king

Sarcasm (語言上) → saying or writing the opposite of what you mean, or of speaking in a way intended to make someone else feel stupid or show them that you are angry.

• Chorus：

Literature in ancient Greek plays, a group of actors who all speak the same words, describing the action and making comments about it

• Tragedy ：

Tragedy is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in audiences. While many cultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the term tragedy often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilization. That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of cultural identity and historical continuity.

• Tragic flaw (Hamartia) → a flaw in character that brings about the downfall of the hero of a tragedy

The term hamartia derives from the Greek ἁμαρτία, from ἁμαρτάνειν hamartánein, which means “to miss the mark” or “to err”. It is most often associated with Greek tragedy, although it is also used in Christian theology. Hamartia as it pertains to dramatic literature was first used by Aristotle in his Poetics. In tragedy, hamartia is commonly understood to refer to the protagonist’s error or flaw that leads to a chain of plot actions culminating in a reversal from their good fortune to bad. What qualifies as the error or flaw can include an error resulting from ignorance, an error of judgement, a flaw in character, or sin. The spectrum of meanings has invited debate among critics and scholars, and different interpretations among dramatists.

• Foreshadow → if something foreshadows a future event, it shows or gives a warning that it will happen

For example ：The storms and rains of that year foreshadowed a long period of unstable weather conditions.

• Trilogy(三部曲)

A trilogy (from Greek τρι- tri-, "three" and -λογία -logia, "discourse") is a set of three works of art that are connected, and that can be seen either as a single work or as three individual works. They are commonly found in literature, film, or video games. Three-part works that are considered components of a larger work also exist, such as the triptych or the three-movement sonata, but they are not commonly referred to with the term "trilogy."